FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CuPc BASED ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS

In this work, organic solar cells of the configuration ITO/Pedot:PSS/CuPc/PTCBI/Al (Indium tin oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonic acid/copper phthalocyanine/3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole/aluminum) were investigated. A high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.15 V was obtained when the PTCBI layer was 7 nm thick. Lower Voc values were observed for the same structure with silver, copper and gold electrodes instead of aluminum. However, short-circuit current density (Jsc) with these electrodes was much higher (4 mA/cm2) than in the case of aluminum (0.12 mA/cm2). Results were interpreted in terms of a modified CuPc/Al Schottky diode for the thin PTCBI case and a CuPc/PTCBI heterojunction for the thick PTCBI case. Also, the formation of a thin, protective aluminum oxide layer under the aluminum electrode was postulated. For devices with silver, copper and gold electrodes, absence of this protective layer was thought to be the cause of a relatively lower Voc and higher Jsc

Design of Building Blocks for Trit Algorithm

This thesis attempts to design the building blocks for TRIT algorithm. PSPICE was used for simulation. The building blocks were laidout in Magic.Electrical Engineerin

Differential induction of chitinase in Piper colubrinum in response to inoculation with Phytophthora capsici, the cause of foot rot in black pepper

AbstractPlant chitinases have been of particular interest since they are known to be induced upon pathogen invasion. Inoculation of Piper colubrinum leaves with the foot rot fungus, Phytophthora capsici leads to increase in chitinase activity. A marked increase in chitinase activity in the inoculated leaves was observed, with the maximum activity after 60h of inoculation and gradually decreased thereafter. Older leaves showed more chitinase activity than young leaves. The level of chitinase in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) upon inoculation was found to be substantially high when compared to P. colubrinum. RT–PCR using chitinase specific primers revealed differential accumulation of mRNA in P. colubrinum leaves inoculated with P. capsici. However, hyphal extension assays revealed no obvious differences in the ability of the protein extracts to inhibit growth of P. capsici in vitro

Analysis of wave III of brain stem auditory evoked potential waveforms during microvascular decompression of cranial nerve VII for hemifacial spasm

INTRODUCTION:: Intraoperative monitoring of brain stem auditory evoked potential during microvascular decompression (MVD) prevent hearing loss (HL). Previous studies have shown that changes in wave III (wIII) are an early and sensitive sign of auditory nerve injury. OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the changes of amplitude and latency of wIII of brain stem auditory evoked potential during MVD and its association with postoperative HL. Hearing loss was classified by American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) criteria, based on changes in pure tone audiometry and speech discrimination score. METHODS:: Retrospective analysis of wIII in patients who underwent intraoperative monitoring with brain stem auditory evoked potential during MVD was performed. A univariate logistic regression analysis was performed on independent variables amplitude of wIII and latency of wIII at change max and On-Skin, or a final recording at the time of skin closure. A further analysis for the same variables was performed adjusting for the loss of wave. RESULTS:: The latency of wIII was not found to be significantly different between groups I and II. The amplitude of wIII was significantly decreased in the group with HL. Regression analysis did not find any increased odds of HL with changes in the amplitude of wIII. CONCLUSIONS:: Changes in wave III did not increase the odds of HL in patients who underwent brain stem auditory evoked potential s during MVD. This information might be valuable to evaluate the value of wIII as an alarm criterion during MVD to prevent HL. © 2014 by the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society

Marxist Theories of Development, the New International Division of Labor, and the Third World

What are the implications for development in the Third World in light of the widespread intellectual retreat from Marxist theory and practice in recent years? This essay offers an answer to this question by focusing on the current debate concerning the rise of a new inter­ national division of labor (NIDL). The debate over the NIDL has much significance given the growing interpenetration of various re­ gional and national economies in an increasingly integrated global economy. But while one can safely argue that integration with the global economy is now essential to economic growth, the terms of the debate over that process appear to have shifted to the mechanism and conditions of integration for hitherto isolated economies. This essay will delineate the trajectory taken by the NIDL debate to date and will suggest how an historical-structural approach in the Marxist tradition, provides opportunities for furthering the discussion.The essay first provides a brief overview of Marxist theories of Third World development, including the ideas of Marx, Lenin and key post-World War II dependency theorists. Next, it highlights key points of continuity and discontinuity between these older theories and the current debate on the NIDL. The essay then concludes with a discus­ sion of both the structural and historically determined economic and political constraints on the incorporation of the Third World into the NIDL before setting out some questions for future research